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26 outubro, 2016

Para pensar e agir / To think and to act

(scroll down for English)
Hoje fui assistir a uma palestra inserida na série de palestras que Vanderbilt organiza anualmente sobre o Holocausto há 39 anos (é a mais longa série de palestras sobre o tema continuamente organizada por uma universidade). Falou o padre Patrick Desbois, francês de 61 anos, que há 14 dedica a sua vida a investigar o Holocausto praticado pelas unidades móveis Nazis. Em vez de transportarem judeus para campos de concentração, enviavam unidades militares de atiradores que cercavam localidades na Europa de leste, separavam os judeus, que depois fuzilavam e enterravam em valas comuns de grande escala.

O padre Desbois interessou-se pela matéria por razões de família. O seu avô, soldado francês foi feito prisioneiro de guerra em 1944 e levado para um campo de detenção na Ucrânia. Depois da guerra regressou à França mas recusou-se a falar sobre o assunto. Sob insistência do seu neto apenas disse, visivelmente irritado, que a vida no campo não era fácil, mas era muito mais difícil fora do campo. O padre Desbois tinha 17 anos quando o seu avô morreu, fez-se padre depois, e mais tarde teve a oportunidade de visitar Rawa-Ruska o local do dito campo de detenção. Antes da guerra mais de 10,000 viviam nesta localidade e foram todos mortos. Ainda assim, não encontrou nenhum memorial que o indicasse e ninguém parecia saber do assunto. A questão era pois saber como fora possível matar 10,000 pessoas sem que ninguém soubesse de nada. O padre Desbois regressou a Rawa-Ruska mais tarde, quando um autarca de inclinação menos soviética lhe falou da vala comum daquela localidade, que alguns anciãos ainda conseguiam indicar visto que eram crianças na altura. Desde então a organização do padre Desbois já localizou mais de 1,800 valas comuns na Lituânia, Polónia, Bielorussia, Ucrânia, Moldavia, Roménia e Rússia, que incluem cerca de 1.5 milhões de Judeus. Mais pessoas morreram nesses fuzilamentos que em Auschwitz.

O padre Desbois tem uma dupla missão. Por um lado trazer ao conhecimento geral a face menos conhecida do Holocausto em memória das vítimas quase sempre esquecidas. Por outro, educar acerca das horrorosas práticas de genocídio que não foram abandonadas no início dos anos 40. Para além de equipas a trabalhar na Ucrânia e outras localidades do leste europeu, a organização do padre Desbois tem também equipas no terreno no Iraque onde o daesh pratica o mesmo tipo de horrores contra os yazidis hoje. 

Quem hoje se junta ao daesh é educado (como eram os nazis), usa a internet e vem de vários países ocidentais. Como em 1942, cercam localidades, executam as comunidades yazidis publicamente para reinarem pelo medo, ameaçam o estilo de vida pacífico seja no Mossul ou em Bruxelas. A ONU, a Igreja católica, ou os governos de vários países fazem muito pouco para ajudar as populações desesperadas. Em 1942 também não foram os governos a ajudar os judeus, foram os cidadãos comuns. Quando o padre Desbois perguntou à sua avó, católica fervorosa, se ela alguma vez tinha ajudado judeus na sua remota aldeia francesa a resposta dela foi peremptória "não sei, nunca lhes perguntei se eram judeus... eram pessoas que precisavam de ajuda!" O padre Desbois não tenciona obrigar as organizações internacionais a fazer mais do que fazem neste momento. Com o seu forte sotaque francês diz que não tem tempo para isso. Há pessoas que vão morrer hoje. Só consegue dormir à noite porque se foca mais ao nível (micro) das pessoas que pode ajudar e menos ao nível (macro) geral do problema global dos refugiados.

Jerusalém tem hoje o Jardim dos Justos entre as Nações onde as árvores comemoram cada indivíduo que ajudou judeus durante a segunda guerra mundial (por exemplo Aristides de Sousa Mendes). Todas juntas fazem uma floresta, mas cada árvore representa uma pessoa agindo individualmente. Uma pessoa fez a diferença na altura e uma pessoa pode fazer a diferença hoje. Quer façamos uma doação online, quer eduquemos os jovens, ou doemos o nosso tempo e vida a esta causa, cada um de nós tem um papel a desempenhar.

Depois da palestra hesitei entre aplaudir em reconhecimento do trabalho feito, ou ficar em silêncio por respeito aos que em silêncio ficaram há mais de 70 anos e cujo trágico fim é hoje conhecido devido a pessoas como o padre Desbois. O desconforto surgiu: se eu vivesse em França em 1942 talvez não tivesse ajudado quem precisasse. E o meu estômago revirou-se, embora eu não tivesse comido nada que o provocasse.
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Today I attended a lecture, in the context of the Holocaust Lecture series organized by Vanderbilt for the past 39 years (it's the longest lecture series on the theme organized by a University). Catholic priest, father Patrick Desbois, french 61, spoke about his work relating to the Nazi mobile-killing units. Instead of shipping people to concentration camps, the Nazis deployed military units of shooters, that would surround villages in Eastern Europe, round up the Jews, who were then shot and buried in mass graves. 

Father Desbois got interested in the matter for family reasons. As a French soldier, his grandfather was arrested in 1944 and sent to a POW detention camp in the Ukraine. After the end of the war he returned to France but refused to speak of the matter. Upon insistence of his grandson, he got visibly upset and simply said that life in the camp was not easy but outside of the camp it was much worse. Father Desbois was 17 when his grandfather died, he became a priest later, and in 2002 he visited Rawa-Ruska, the location of the said POW camp. Before the war, 10,000 Jews had lived there and they were all killed. Yet there was no local memorial, and no one seemed to know anything about them. The question was therefore, how can 10,000 people be killed in a small village and no one know anything about it? Father Desbois returned to Rawa-Ruska later, when a less soviet-inclined mayor told him about the local mass grave, whose location was still known by some of the village elders, who were children at the time. Ever since, Father Desbois's organization has located more than 1,800 mass graves in Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, and Russia, encompassing an estimate of 1.5 million Jews. More people died in those mass shootings than in Auschwitz. 

Father Desbois mission is double-edged. On the one hand, he brings to light a less known side of the Holocaust in memory of victims that are hardly ever remembered. On the other, he educates about the abhorrent practices of genocide which are by no means locked in the early 1940s. Beyond teams in the Ukraine and other locations in Eastern Europe, Father Desbois organization has teams working on the ground in Iraq where daesh practices the same type of horrors against the Yazidis presently.

People joining daesh today are well educated (as were Nazi Germans), use the internet, and come from various western countries. As in 1942 they surround local villages, execute local Yazidi communities publicly to rule by fear, threaten a peaceful way of life either in Mosul or in Brussels. The UN, the Catholic church, and country governments today do very little to help populations in distress. In 1942 governments did not help Jews either, it was individuals who did. When Father Desbois asked his grandmother, a fervent catholic, if she had ever helped Jews in her remote village in France her answer was clear "I don't know, I never asked them if they were Jews... they were people who needed help!" Father Desbois has no wish to shame international organizations into doing more than they are doing right now. In his heavy French accent he says he has no time for that. People will die today. He can sleep at night only by focusing at the micro level and less on the grand scheme of things.

In Jerusalem today, the trees in the Garden of the Righteous among the Nations commemorate each individual who helped Jews in the World War II (such as Aristides de Sousa Mendes). As a whole, it is a forest but each tree represents one person acting individually. One person made a difference then and one person can make a difference now. Whether we donate online, or we educate others, or we give our time and life to the cause, each of us has a role, and each of us can help.

After the lecture I was unsure if I should clap in appreciation, or remain silent as a sign of respect to the silent ones whose lives come to light now because of people like Father Desbois. The uncomfortable feeling surfaced: if I had lived in France in 1942 I might not have helped. And my stomach was queasy, even though I had not eaten anything that should upset it.

14 maio, 2016

Sem título #60

Still in New York, the Center for Jewish History (15 W 16th Street, between 5th & 6th) is hosting the exhibit Portugal: the Last Hope, Sousa Mendes' Visas for Freedom until July 31st. Among the various documents and objects of interest is the infamous "Circular 14" that prompted Aristides de Sousa Mendes' act of disobedience that would cost him his livelihood and that of his descendants. Beyond Sousa Mendes' brave act, the exhibit focuses on the lives of refugees in 1940s Portugal.
Ainda em Nova Iorque, o Centro para a História Judaica (15 W 16th Street, entre a quinta e a sexta avenidas) mostra a exposição Portugal: the Last Hope, Sousa Mendes' Visas for Freedom até ao dia 31 de Julho. Entre vários documentos de interesse está a vergonhosa "Circular 14" que levou Aristides de Sousa Mendes a desobedecer, o que lhe viria a custar o seu sustento e o dos seus descendentes. Para além da bravura de Sousa Mendes, a exposição revela detalhes da vida dos refugiados no Portugal dos anos 40.

19 julho, 2014

Foi neste dia #238 (1885)

Há 129 anos nasciam em Cabanas de Viriato, distrito de Viseu, César e Aristides de Sousa Mendes. César (à esquerda) nasceu poucos minutos antes da meia noite no dia 18 de Julho e Aristides (à direita) nasceu poucos minutos depois, já no dia 19. Ambos foram diplomatas, mas apenas um ficou na história pelo seu heróico, e para si trágico, acto de desobediência.
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César and Aristides de Sousa Mendes were born 129 years ago in Cabanas de Viriato, in the district of Viseu (central Portugal). César (left) was born a few minutes before midnight on July 18 while Aristides (right) was born a few minutes after already on the 19th. They both served as diplomats, but only one of them made history due to his heroic, and for him tragic, act of disobedience.

27 maio, 2013

No Times de hoje #148 (1940)

On May 27 1940, foreign affairs editor Hamilton Fish Armstrong wrote an article for the New York Times about the dramatic refugee situation in France. Eighteen days before the fall of Paris to Hitler, thousands of jews were fleeing to the south of France running from fierce battles in the north. Many came from Belgium and the Netherlands, both occupied by the nazis since May 10, with everything they owned and could carry.
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(...) Since this ferocious struggle began in Belgium and Flanders, civilian refugees have been flooding down across the country, making every crossroads, every village and every railway junction a station of misery. They arrive in boxcars, bundled in the straw. They come by road in every conceivable sort of vehicle.
In the Bordeaux* region three days ago I saw two fire engines that had come through from Brussels. Baby carriages, a sewing machine and bundles of every shape were piled on one. Ten or fifteen persons were packed into the other. The women, with children and babies on their laps, their heads covered with pieces of oilcloth to keep off the rain.
Thousands are on bicycles with everything they own in the world strapped on the handlebars. Many of them have now been on the road for twelve or fourteen days. (...)
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*Armstrong, an American citizen, and thousands of other names (mostly refugees), appear on Aristides Sousa Mendes' transit-visa list. At great personal cost, he Portuguese consul of Bordeaux saved many from certain death 
between May and June of 1940.

29 agosto, 2012

Coisas que não mudam #195

Sentiments...
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Chiune Sugihara, a Japanese diplomat in Lithuania who, between July and August 1940, issued (ca.) 3,400 visas to frightened Jews looking for a way out of Soviet occupied territory. He saved an estimated 10,000 lives. Like Aristides de Sousa Mendes, Sugihara faced the consequence of his courageous actions in his home country and was relegated to menial jobs for the rest of his life. When asked about the motivation for his actions he replied:

"Well. It is the kind of sentiments anyone would have when he actually sees refugees face to face, begging with tears in their eyes. He just cannot help but sympathize with them. Among the refugees were the elderly and women. They were so desperate that they went so far as to kiss my shoes. Yes, I actually witnessed such scenes with my own eyes. Also, I felt at that time, that the Japanese government did not have any uniform opinion in Tokyo. Some Japanese military leaders were just scared because of the pressure from the Nazis; while other officials in the Home Ministry were simply ambivalent.
People in Tokyo were not united. I felt it silly to deal with them. So, I made up my mind not to wait for their reply. I knew that somebody would surely complain about me in the future. But, I myself thought this would be the right thing to do. There is nothing wrong in saving many people's lives..."

03 abril, 2012

Foi neste dia #168 (1954)

Crianças refugiadas chegando à America em Novembro de 1941
Refugee children arriving in America in November of 1941

Há cinquenta e oito anos Aristides Sousa Mendes morria na miséria no Hospital Franciscano em Lisboa. Foi a enterrar em túnica franciscana por falta de roupa própria apropriada. Morreu pobre e em desgraça com o governo Português por desobedecer a Salazar emitindo vistos e passaportes que salvaram milhares de pessoas dos campos de concentração Nazi. Mas nunca se resignou:

Se tantos Judeus sofreram por causa de um não-Judeu, também um Cristão pode sofrer por tantos Judeus
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Fifty-eight years ago, Aristides Sousa Mendes died in poverty at the Franciscan hospital in Lisbon. He was buried in a Franciscan tunic for lack of appropriate clothes of his own. He died poor and in disgrace with the Portuguese government after disobeying Salazar by issuing visas and passports that saved thousands of people from Nazi concentration camps. But he stood by his actions:

If so many Jews can suffer because of one non-Jew, surely one Christian can suffer for so many Jews

27 janeiro, 2012

Foi neste dia #163 (1945)


Auschwitz was liberated 67 years ago. May we never forget the fallen. May we also never forget those who were not allowed to fall due to the kind souls of Aristides Sousa Mendes, Oskar Schindler, Chiune Sugihara, and others who history kept anonymous. They saved thousands of lives, under the most extreme circumstances and, at times, own personal loss as well as that of their descendants.

I would rather stand with God against Man than with Man against God.
--Aristides de Sousa Mendes
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Auschwitz foi libertado há 67 anos. Que nunca esqueçamos os que pereceram. Não esqueçamos também aqueles que não cairam em Auschwitz pela acção caridosa de Aristides Sousa Mendes, Oskar SchindlerChiune Sugihara e outros que a história manteve anónimos. Eles salvaram milhares de vidas, em circunstâncias extremas, por vezes a custo pessoal e dos seus descendentes.

Prefiro estar com Deus contra um homem, do que estar com um homem contra Deus.
--Aristides de Sousa Mendes